The Ottoman Empire was a Middle Eastern monarchy that existed from 1304 to 1922. It was the largest empire in history, covering most of modern day Turkey and parts of Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Egypt. The Ottomans were originally a Turkic tribe that had settled in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) around the 8th century AD. They conquered much of the region and established a powerful state that eventually became the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was ruled by a series of Sultans who were elected by the Ottoman nobility. The Sultanate was divided into provinces, each with its own governor and army. The Ottomans were known for their military prowess, particularly their ability to wage war on multiple fronts at once. They also developed a sophisticated bureaucracy that helped them maintain control over their vast territories.

The Ottoman Empire reached its height during the reign of Sultan Abdulmecid I (1808–1809). Under his rule, the empire expanded rapidly, conquering new lands and expanding its territory to include parts of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. However, this expansion came at a great cost, as the Ottomans often fought against each other for control of their territories.

Despite their successes, the Ottoman Empire faced many challenges throughout its history. The empire was constantly at war with other states, including the Habsburg Empire in Europe, the Mughal Empire in India, and the Safavid Dynasty in Persia. Additionally, the Ottomans struggled with internal issues, such as corruption, poverty, and social unrest.

In the late 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. The empire's economy was weakened by foreign competition and internal economic problems. The Russian Revolution of 1905 and the subsequent Russian Civil War led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The last Sultan, Mustafa Pasha, was deposed in 1922, and the empire officially ceased to exist.